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举例

How does an ecosystem （生态系统）work？ What makes the populations of different species the way they are？ Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？ To find an answer， scientists have built mathematical models of food webs， noting who eats whom and how much each one eats．

With such models， scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs． Most food webs， for instance， consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones． When a predator （掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey （猎物），the two species are strongly linked； when a predator lives on various species， they are weakly linked． Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term． If a predator can eat several species， it can survive the extinction （灭绝）of one of them． And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare， the switch allows the original prey to recover． The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction．

Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable， where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems． In the 1960s， scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species﹣including species they did not directly attack．

And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top﹣down control by top predators to be true． In the ocean， we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale， while on land， we killed off large predators such as wolves． These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance．

Scientists have built an early﹣warning system based on mathematical models． Ideally， the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline． Prevention is key， scientists say， because once ecosystems pass their tipping point （临界点），it is remarkably difficult for them to return．

 

（1）What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？　　

A．The living habits of species in food webs．

B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems．

C．The approaches to studying die species in the ecosystems．

D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs．

（2）A strong link is found between two species when a predator　　．

A．has a wide food choice

B．can easily find new prey

C．sticks to one prey species

D．can quickly move to another place

（3）What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？　　

A．The prey species they directly attack will die out．

B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators．

C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged．

D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes．

（4）What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？　　

A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems．

B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats．

C．Species of commercial value dominate other species．

D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable．

（5）How does an early﹣warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？　　

A．By getting illegal practices under control．

B．By stopping us from killing large predators．

C．By bringing the broken﹣down ecosystems back to normal．

D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action．

 

【分析】本文主要讲述了科学家们已经建立了一个基于食物网的数学模型预警系统，该系统揭示食物链中的生态平衡和破坏的原理和提醒人们应该保护生态系统．

【解答】答案：1﹣5BCDAD

1．B．推理判断题．根据文章第二段With such models， scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs． 可知通过这些模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网中起作用的关键原理．由此可见，科学家借助于食物网的数学模型发现了控制生态系统食物网的规则．故选B．

2．C．推理判断题．根据文章第二段If a predator can eat several species， it can survive the extinction （灭绝）of one of them． And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare， the switch allows the original prey to recover．可知如果一个捕食者可以吃几个物种，它就可以在其中一个物种灭绝后幸存下来．如果一个捕食者可以转移到另一个物种，当一个捕食物种变得稀少时，更容易找到这个物种，那么这个转换就允许原来的捕食者恢复．由此可见，当食肉动物粘在一个捕食物种上时，发现两个物种之间有一个很强的联系．故选C．

3．D．推理判断题．根据文章第三段 Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable， where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems．可知数学模型还表明，食物网可能是不稳定的，顶部食肉动物的微小变化可能导致整个生态系统的巨大影响．由此可见，如果食物网中顶级食肉动物的数量大幅度下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化．故选D．

4．A．推理判断题．根据文章第四段And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top﹣down control by top predators to be true． In the ocean， we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale， while on land， we killed off large predators such as wolves． These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance．可知无计划的人类活动证明了顶级掠食者自上而下控制的想法是正确的．在海洋中，我们在工业规模上捕捞顶级掠食者，如鳕鱼，而在陆地上，我们杀死大型掠食者，如狼．这些行动大大影响了生态平衡．由此可见，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统．故选A．

5．D．推理判断题．根据文章最后一段Ideally， the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline． Prevention is key， scientists say， because once ecosystems pass their tipping point （临界点），it is remarkably difficult for them to return．可知理想情况下，系统会告诉我们什么时候适应人类活动，这些活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，甚至会让我们把生态系统从边界拉回来．科学家说，预防是关键，因为一旦生态系统通过临界点，它们就很难返回．由此可见，一个预警系统正在发出信号，表明迫切需要采取预防措施来帮助我们维持生态平衡．故选D．